英 语 音 标

元音

前元音：[ i: ] [ i ] [ e ] [ ? ]

中元音：[ ? ] [ ?: ] [ ? ]

后元音：[a:] [ ? ] [ ?: ] [ u ] [ u: ]

双元音：[ei] [ai] [?i] [au] [?u] [i?] [] [u?]

辅音

爆破音：（清） [ p ] [ k ] [ t ]

（浊） [ b ] [ ɡ] [ d ]

摩擦音：（清） [ f ] [ ? ] [ s ] [ ? ] [ h ]

（浊） [ v ] [ ? ] [ z ] [ ? ] [ r ]

破擦音：（清） [ t? ] [ tr ] [ ts ]

（浊） [ d? ] [ dr ] [ dz ]

鼻 音： [ m ] [ n ] [?]

舌则音： [ l ]

半元音： [ w ] [ j ]

单词的读音：辅音与元音拼，拼读时，辅音轻、短一点，元音长、重一点，两音相撞产生一个新音；辅音后无元音，发该辅音；元音前无辅音，发该元音，把每次产生的新音，连起来发，一个单词的读音就形成了。

音节：一个单词中有几个元音字母，就有几个音节。但，几个元音字母在一起的只算一个，结尾的一个E不算。

开音节：一个单词中元音字母发其本音，且是“辅元辅E”结构的。Bike, five.

闭音节：元音字母不发本音，发其对应的音（见下表）且是“辅元辅”结构的单词。 Run, get.

元音字母： A E I O U

开音节： [ ei ] [ i:] [ ai ] [ ?u ] [ju:]

闭音节： [ ? ] [ e ] [ i ] [ ? ] [ ? ]/[ u ]

辅 音 音 标 对 应 字 母

[ p ] 对应字母是：P(后无H) pen, map, happy, penfriend

[ b ] 对应字母是：B（注意mb结尾时，b不发音） book, boy，behind, Hob

[ k ] 对应字母是：K,CK,C（后无I/E/Y/H） cake, kite, clock,

[ ɡ] 对应字母是：G (后无E或是DGE) gate, big, dig, girl

[ t ] 对应字母是：T （后无H/R）time, got, table, little

[ d ] 对应字母是：D （后无GE/R）door, dance, road, middle

[ f ] 对应字母是：F，PH five, photo, flight, football

[ v ] 对应字母是：V vest, live, vast, review

[ ?] 对应字母是： TH thing, three, fifth, throw

[ ? ] 对应字母是： TH that, this, father, with

[ s ] 对应字母是： S,CE/CI/CY/ see, dance, city, certainly

[ z ] 对应字母是：Z, 元/浊音后的后加的S zip, zoo, boys, doors

[ ? ] 对应字母是：SH shop, fish, show, English, sheep

[ ? ] 对应字母是：U中间的S usually unusual

[ h ] 对应字母是： H,WH- hole, whole, who, Helen

[ r ] 对应字母是： R（前无T/D/A/E/O）right, robber, room

[ t? ] 对应字母是：CH much, chair, chat, China

[ d? ] 对应字母是：开头的字母J，-GE,-DGE June, just, bridge, change

[ tr ] 对应字母是：TR tree, try, trousers

[ dr ] 对应字母是： DR draw, dress, drive

[ ts ] 对应字母是：-TS,-TES boots, tastes

[ dz ] 对应字母是： -DS, -DES beds, besides

[ m ] 对应字母是： M morning, come, match, comb

[ n ] 对应字母是： N（mn结尾时，n不发音；后无K/G）night, fine, nose, nine

[ ? ] 对应字母是： -NG,-NK think, thing, ink, English

[ l ] 对应字母是： L light, left, let, travel

[ w ] 对应字母是： W-, WH-, -W- why, where, swim,

[ j ] 对应字母是： Y- yes, year, your

元 音 字 母 组 合

[ i: ] 字母组合： E\EA\EE\I\IE be, we, please, feet, see, free, police, machine, believe, piece

[ i ] 字母组合: I\E –Y in, six, English, country

[ e ] 字母组合: E\EA\A pen, yellow, health, sweater, any, many

[ ? ] 字母组合: A bag, man, than, shall

[ ? ] 字母组合: -ER,-OR worker, visitor

[ ?:] 字母组合: ER\IR\UR\OR\EAR her, term, bird, first, turn, burn, worse, learn, earth

[ ? ] 字母组合: U\O\OU cup, hungry, love, front, touch, young

[ a: ] 字母组合: A\AR\AL\AU class, last, are, hard, start, half, aunt

[ ? ] 字母组合: A\O what, wash, not, long, doll

[ ?: ] 字母组合: AL\AU\OR\ORE\OOR\OUR\AR\AW all, chalk, daughter, autumn, sport, born, more, before, four, quarter, draw, saw

[ u ] 字母组合: OUL\U\OO\O book, goodness, could, full, woman,

[ u: ] 字母组合: U\O\OO blue, ruler, do, shoe, zoo, moon

[ ei ] 字母组合: A\-AY\AI\EIGH\-EY name, same, way, day, wait, train, eighteen

[ ai ] 字母组合: I\-Y\IGH I, tiger, by, bye, fly, right, high,

[ ?i ] 字母组合: OI\OY toilet, joy, boy, enjoy

[ au ] 字母组合: OU\OW out, count, round, how, down, town

[ ] 字母组合: O\OA\OW close, only, boat, coat, row, know, show

[ i? ] 字母组合: EAR\EER\ERE\EA dear, hear, pioneer, here, idea

[ ] 字母组合: AIR\ERE\EAR\EIR\ARE fair, hair, there, wear, their, careful

[ ] 字母组合: URE sure

字母音素归类:

A [ ei ]: H, J, K

E [ i: ]: B, C, D, G, P, T, V,

I [ ai ]: Y

O [ ]:

U [ju:]: Q, W

[ e ] : F, L, M, N, S, X, Z

[ a: ] : R

语 音 知 识

1.关于语音的几个概念

1) 字母：语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u,

2) 音标：词的语音形式。

3) 音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。

4) 音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher, un'der'stand

5) 元音：发音响亮，是元音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20元音。

6) 辅音：发音不响亮，是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28辅音。

7) 开音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音+E: name bike home due; b) 辅音+元音 he, go, hi

8) 闭音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音: bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it

9) 重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。

2. 元音：

1) [i:] sea, he, see, piece, ceiling

2) [i] sit, build, miss, myth

3) [e] bed, desk, head,

4) [? ] bad, land, bank, stamp

5) [a:] car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt

6) [?] hot, want

7) [?:] door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught

8) [u:] good, who, blue, soup,

9) [u] look, put, women, could

10) [?] cup, come, blood, rough

11) [?:] girl, work, serve, nurse

12) [?] cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday

13) [ei] cake, they, play, eight, great,

14) [ai] bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye

15) [] phone, cold, boat, soul, grow

16) [au] house, town

17) [] boy, oil

18) [] dear, idea, deer, here, fierce,

19) [] pear, care, there, fair

20) [] tour, poor,

3. 容易混淆的元音

1) [e] [?] bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend land

2) [i:] [ei] real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid

3) [e] [ai] bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide

4) [au] [?:] house horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud

5) [au] [?] found fond; gown gone; down don

4. 容易混淆的辅音

1) [v] [w] vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well

2) [s] [?] sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math

3) [z] [?] closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes

4) [n] [?] thin thing; sin sing; ban bang win wing; ran rang

5. 读音规则

1) 重读音节(见元音和辅音的例句)

2) 非重读音节 [?] banana, student, today, after, [i] orange, secret, evening, very, Monday

6. 特殊读音

1）音的连读：前面的词以元辅音结尾，后面的单词以元音开头，这样结尾的辅音要和开头的元音连读。例如：not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all

2）失去爆破：辅音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等，前面的辅音要失去爆破。例如：good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme

3）音的同化：两个特殊的音碰到一起，会发出变异成特殊的音。例：Would you do it? I am glad to meet you. Can't you see it? last year, this year,

7. 重音

1)单词重音

A)双音节词

一般在第一个音节重读。letter, sorry

有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前缀的词，第二个音节是重音。a'bout, be'lieve, ad'dress, de'cide, re'port, con'demn, res'pect, com'pare, in'form, dis'cuss, im'press, mis'take, en'force, pre'pare, em'ploy, per'mit, es'cape, pro'duce, ex'claim,trans'late

有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre- 等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关, 一般名词的重音在第一个音节上，其它的词性在第二个音节上。'record, re'cord; 'insult, in'sult; 'conduct, con'duct; 'present pre'sent; 'content, con'tent

有些复合词和带有前缀 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的词，有两个重音。'out'side, 're'tell, 'well-'known, 'un'real, 'fif'teen, 'Chi'nese, 'pre-'war, 'post-'war

B)多音节词

a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。'difficult, 'communist, 'family, e'conomy, oppor'tunity, de'mocracy.

b)有一些双音节词，加了前缀和后缀成了多音节，但这些词按原来词根的重音读音。'carefully, in'definite, 'comfortable, con'ductor, ac'cording, dis'turbance, 'complicated, es'tablishment,

c)词尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 后缀的词，重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上。cour'teous, cal'ligraphy, edi'torial, his'torian, peri'odic, mathe'matics, ex'perience, suf'ficient, i'dentify, trans'lation, re'ligious, curi'osity, pro'tective

d)词尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 后缀的词，重音在该后缀上，而且有一个次重音。enter'tain, emplo'yee, mountai'neer, Japa'nese, ciga'rette

2)句子重音

A) 英语的节奏：（轻）-轻-重-轻-（轻）或重-轻-（轻）（轻）重

B) 英语句子的长短：是由句子中的重读词的数目决定的，而不是象汉语那样由句子中的汉字数目决定的。

C) 实词重读（副词重读），虚词轻读(冠词，单音节介词，单音节连词，人称代词，反代词，物主代词，关系代词，相互代词，助动词，情态动词和系动词be

D) 实词不重读的特殊情况

a) 实词第二次出现 He thinks of that as a child thinks.

b) 一个名词被第二个名词修饰 I met her in the railway station.

c) 代替词 Which book do you want? The small one.

d) 感叹词中的 what 和how What a good day it is! How beautiful she is!

e) street 在专有名词中 Wangfujing Street.

f)this在这些短语中，this morning/afternoon/evening

E)虚词重读的特殊情况

a) 情态动词，助动词和系动词be在句首，句尾和否定时。Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can. I don't like you. He isn't a worker.

b) 情态动词表示可能，惊奇和肯定时。They may come this evening. Can it be five already? He must be in the room.

c) 介词在句首和句尾。In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with.

d) 引导复合句的连词在句首。If you wish, I'll visit you. When he comes, I'll tell him.

e)反身代词表示强调。He couldn't come himself.

一袋：a bag of；一瓶：a bottle of；一听：a tin of；一块a piece of。

重点词汇：

一、bag：

1、读音：英 [b?ɡ]，美 [b?ɡ]

2、意思：

n. 袋；袋状物；包；一袋的量

vt. 把 ... 装进袋子；使膨胀；猎杀

vi. （如袋子般）松垂

3、例句：

They bagged the potatoes to sell them.

他们把土豆装入袋中出售。

二、bottle：

1、读音：英 ['b?tl]，美 ['bɑ?tl]

2、意思：

n. 瓶子

vt. 抑制；把 ... 装入瓶内

3、例句：

Do you bottle your fruit or freeze it？

你是把水果装在罐里保存呢，还是冷冻起来保存？

三、tin：

1、读音：英 [t?n]，美 [t?n]

2、意思：

n. 锡；罐头；听头

adj. 锡制的

vt. 镀锡于

3、例句：

There is not a tin of dog food in the cupboard.

碗橱里没有一听狗食。

四、piece：

1、读音：英 [pi?s]，美 [pi?s]

2、意思：

n. 件；篇；片；块；作品；碎片

v. 修补；拼合，凑合

3、例句：

The book is a fine piece of scholarship.

这部书是一件优秀的学术成果。

五、a：

1、读音：英 [?]，美 [?]?

2、意思：　

art. 一（个）；每一（个）；任一（个）

n. 英语字母表的第一个字母；学业成绩得优者；表示“最好”的符号

3、例句：

There is a pen on the table.

桌子上有一支笔。